J. A. Patz, A. K. Githeko,, J. P. McCarty, S. Hussein, U. Confalonieri, N. de Wet,, WHO, 2002년 발간
대분류 | 키워드 | Time Horizon | Quality | Territorial Scope |
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Environmental | Climate change, infectious diseases | 없음 | Not Yet | Global |
The previous chapter considered how short-term variations in climatic conditions
and extreme weather events can exert direct effects on human death rates, physical
injury, mental health and other health outcomes. Changes in mean climatic
conditions and climate variability also can affect human health via indirect pathways,
particularly via changes in biological and ecological processes that influence
infectious disease transmission and food yields. This chapter examines the
influences of climatic factors on infectious diseases.
For centuries humans have known that climatic conditions affect epidemic
infections—ince well before the basic notion of infectious agents was understood
late in the nineteenth century. The Roman aristocracy took refuge in their
hill resorts each summer to avoid malaria. South Asians learnt early that in high
summer, strongly curried foods were less prone to induce diarrhoeal diseases.
In the southern United States one of the most severe summertime outbreaks of
yellow fever (viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito) occurred in
1878, during one of the strongest El Niño episodes on record. The economic and
human cost was enormous, with an estimated death toll of around 20 000 people.
In developed countries today it is well known that recurrent influenza epidemics
occur in mid-winter.
Infectious disease transmission should be viewed within an ecological framework.
Infectious agents obtain the necessary nutrients and energy by parasitization
of higher organisms. Most such infections are benign, and some are even
beneficial to both host and microbe. Only a minority of infections that adversely
affect the host’ biology are termed “nfectious disease”
Introduction
Disease classifications relevant to climate/health relationships
Directly transmitted diseases
Indirectly transmitted diseases (anthroponoses & zoonoses)
Climate sensitivity of infectious disease
Documented and predicted climate/infectious disease links
Modifying influences
Sociodemographic influences
Environmental influences
Conclusions and recommended future steps
ID | 제목 | 카테고리 | Territorial Scope | |
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